Progress in research on perovskite solar cells

Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have garnered significant attention thanks to their affordability, ease of manufacturing large-area devices, and impressive photoelectric conversion efficiency. Among the materials used in these cells, tin oxide (SnO2) stands out due to its high transparency, excellent electron mobility, well-matched energy levels, robust UV radiation resistance, and the ability to be processed at low temperatures. These attributes make SnO2 a popular choice as an electron transport layer in n-i-p structured PSCs. Nevertheless, SnO2 faces challenges such as intrinsic bulk and surface defects, including oxygen vacancies (VO), suspended hydroxyl groups (-OH), and unsaturated metal coordination sites, which often lead to carrier accumulation and non-radiative recombination losses. Additionally, perovskites themselves can suffer from interfacial chemical reactions caused by insufficient coordination of metals, halogens, and organic ions, leading to decreased device efficiency and stability. Consequently, optimizing the buried interfaces within PSCs is crucial for enhancing their overall performance and long-term reliability. However, studying and refining these buried interfaces remains a complex task due to their hidden nature. The Shanghai Institute of Advanced Studies of the Chinese Academy of Sciences has devised a straightforward yet highly effective approach to address these issues. By incorporating formamidinium acetate (FOA) into SnO2 nanoparticles, they successfully tackled both bulk and surface defects in SnO2, as well as defects at the perovskite-buried interface linked to FA+ and Pb2+. This strategy achieved precise defect passivation, marking a significant advancement in targeted interface engineering. The findings were published in *Advanced Materials* under the title "Target Therapy for Buried Interfacial Engineering Enables Stable Perovskite Solar Cells with 25.05% Efficiency." Research revealed that formamidinium and oxalate ions distribute longitudinally within the SnO2 layer, concentrating at the SnO2/perovskite buried interface. This distribution not only regulates perovskite crystal growth but also reduces bulk and interface defects while enhancing the energy level alignment between perovskite and SnO2. After FOA treatment, the power conversion efficiency of PSCs rose from 22.40% to 25.05%. Furthermore, the storage and light stability of the solar cells were notably enhanced. This study offers a practical method for addressing buried interface defects and boosting PSC performance. The research received support from organizations such as the National Natural Science Foundation of China, the Guangdong Provincial Basic and Applied Basic Research Fund Committee, the Shenzhen Science and Technology Innovation Committee, and the Shanxi Provincial Department of Science and Technology. Collaborators included the Shanghai Institute of Advanced Research, Southern University of Science and Technology, and City University of Hong Kong.  The schematic above illustrates how FOA regulates perovskite crystal growth, improves interface energy level matching, and minimizes interface defects. This breakthrough not only advances the scientific understanding of PSCs but also paves the way for more efficient and stable solar cell technology.

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