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Scope of Application
Stainless steel possesses remarkable properties such as exceptional strength, excellent wear resistance, superior corrosion resistance, and minimal rusting. Due to these attributes, it finds extensive use across industries such as chemical engineering, food machinery, electrical machinery, environmental protection, home appliances, home decoration, and fine arts, offering users a sense of elegance and sophistication. The future potential for stainless steel applications appears boundless, yet the extent of its development hinges significantly on advancements in surface treatment technologies.
Approaches to Surface Treatment
1. Common Surface Treatment Methods
1.1 Overview of Stainless Steel Varieties
1.1.1 Key Components: Stainless steel typically contains premium metallic elements such as chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni), molybdenum (Mo), and titanium (Ti).
1.1.2 Common Types: Chrome stainless steel (Cr ≥ 12%), and nickel-chrome stainless steel (Cr ≥ 18%, Ni ≥ 12%).
1.1.3 Crystal Structures: Austenitic stainless steels include types like 1Cr18Ni9Ti and 1Cr18Ni11Nb. Martensitic stainless steels, such as Cr17 and Cr28, are classified as non-magnetic and magnetic stainless steels, respectively.
1.2 Standard Surface Treatment Techniques
Surface treatments include natural whitening, mirror polishing, and coloring.
1.2.1 Whitening Treatment: Traditionally, black oxide scales were removed using hydrofluoric acid and nitric acid, which are costly, environmentally harmful, and dangerous. Today, methods like sandblasting or chemical cleaning with non-toxic solutions are preferred, providing a matte finish ideal for large and complex items.
1.2.2 Mirror Polishing: Techniques such as mechanical polishing, chemical polishing, and electrochemical polishing are employed depending on product complexity and user needs. Each method has its own advantages and drawbacks.
1.2.3 Coloring Treatment: Stainless steel coloring enhances durability and visual appeal by applying various hues through techniques like chemical oxidation, electrochemical oxidation, ion deposition, high-temperature oxidation, or gas-phase cracking.
Choosing the Right Method: Stainless steel treatment should align with product structure, material, and aesthetic requirements.
Common Causes of Rust
Rust formation in stainless steel arises from chemical or electrochemical corrosion.
2.1 Chemical Corrosion: Pollution, scratches, or improper cleaning can lead to chemical reactions with the steel's components.
2.2 Electrochemical Corrosion: Issues like carbon steel contamination, welding defects, or poor passivation contribute to electrochemical reactions.
2.3 Stress Corrosion: Concentrated stresses can exacerbate rusting, particularly under corrosive conditions.
Processing Challenges
3.1 Weld Defects: Manual grinding fixes welding flaws but leaves visible marks.
3.2 Surface Inconsistencies: Uneven weld treatment leads to aesthetic issues.
3.3 Persistent Scratches: Existing scratches and impurities remain despite passivation.
3.4 Uneven Polishing: Labor-intensive processes struggle to achieve uniform results.
3.5 Limited Passivation: Certain oxides resist standard pickling methods.
3.6 Human Factors: Scratches from handling tools exacerbate rust risks.
3.7 Equipment Factors: Bending and cutting equipment often cause surface damage.
3.8 Raw Material Issues: Transport and storage mishaps can introduce scratches.
Preventive Measures
Storage, handling, and processing require careful attention.
4.1 Proper Storage: Use dedicated racks, avoiding contact with other metals.
4.2 Safe Handling: Utilize specialized lifting tools and clean transport vehicles.
4.3 Controlled Processing: Isolate work areas and employ proper cutting techniques.
4.4 Effective Welding: Clean surfaces before welding and implement anti-splash measures.
4.5 Post-Weld Care: Remove slag meticulously and avoid excessive heat.
4.6 Surface Treatments: Ensure thorough cleaning, polishing, and passivation.
4.7 Final Protection: Shield treated surfaces from secondary contamination.
By addressing these challenges and implementing preventive measures, stainless steel's performance and longevity can be maximized while maintaining its aesthetic appeal.
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