The principle of stone polishing and the grinding stone used

The research on the polishing mechanism of stone, the main factors influencing the polishing effect, and the technology of stone glazing primarily focuses on achieving a smooth surface. Stone has been widely used for many years, but over time, natural weathering combined with improper maintenance can lead to the loss of its original color and luster, which is visually unappealing. Re-decorating or replacing the stone is often expensive and time-consuming. Marble restoration processes utilize chemical and physical methods to quickly restore the original shine of the stone through mechanical grinding and polishing. This method brings back the natural color and full brightness (100%) in a cost-effective and time-efficient manner, with a service life exceeding five years. When planning a renovation project, the first step is to estimate the cost. If the budget is low and the construction timeline is flexible, standard grinding tools may be considered. However, when dealing with non-glossy (rough-faced) stone plates of different sizes, abrasive brushes are commonly used. These brushes come in various grits, ranging from 36# to 500#, with common sizes like 36#, 46#, 60#, and 80#. The particle size of 46# corresponds to 425–355 microns (according to ISO and GB2477-83 standards), while 80# is around 212–180 microns. Particles smaller than 63 microns are considered fine powder, equivalent to international standard 240# or Chinese W63. Typically, W28–W14 is used for coarse grinding, and W10 is used for fine polishing, with a particle size of 10–7 microns. W40 (equivalent to 500#) has a particle size of 40–28 microns. Thus, using abrasive brushes for rough stones is essentially only for preliminary polishing. To avoid scratches on the stone, it's important to use softer grinding tools, which help achieve better gloss. Reducing water usage, increasing machine speed, and raising surface temperature can further enhance the shine. In short, stone polishing is a complex process involving both physical and chemical reactions, such as micro-cutting and surface purification, and the exact method depends on the specific situation. There are several types of polished grindstone discs used for marble, granite, ceramic tiles, and other materials: 1. **Diamond Soft Grinding Disc** – A modern tool used in floor renovation, known for its lightweight design and flexibility. It offers a wide range of grits from 20# to 3000#, available in black and white (polished). This disc uses diamond abrasives, which are gentle on the stone surface during grinding and provide high gloss. It is easy to handle and ideal for various applications. 2. **Diamond Bitumen Grindstone** – Made from silicon carbide abrasives and magnesium oxide, this type is more cost-effective and self-sharp. It can process granite, marble, artificial stone, and ceramic tiles. However, it has lower efficiency and requires more pressure during operation. Its properties may change over time if stored for more than a year. 3. **Silicon Carbide Resin Grindstone** – Formed by mixing silicon carbide with resin and pressing it with phenolic resin. It’s ideal for fine grinding, especially for marble, offering good durability and wettability. However, it can cause discoloration on light-colored stones, limiting its widespread use. 4. **Ceramic Grindstone** – Made by sintering silicon carbide with vitreous material at high temperatures. It is durable but tends to clog easily and is expensive, so it's less commonly used nowadays. 5. **Metal Bond Grinding Disc** – Made by sintering diamond with metal powder, this tool is highly efficient and effective, starting from 50# and up to 20# for coarser grains. It is ideal for smoothing rough surfaces and achieving flat, even results. Though costly, it outperforms regular grindstones in terms of efficiency. 6. **Resin Bond Grinding Disc** – Composed of diamond crystals, fine powder, and resin, this disc offers a balance between cost and performance. It is used for fine grinding and polishing after using metal bond discs. It is moderately priced and suitable for detailed work. Each type of grinding disc has its own advantages and limitations, making it essential to choose the right one based on the specific stone type and desired finish.

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