Russia's research on filtration nonwovens for nuclear power plants

The collection of radioactive materials in nuclear power plant environments has become a key focus in global environmental protection efforts. Filtered nonwoven fabrics are playing an essential role in this field, as they can effectively capture radioactive aerosols from the air. These materials are critical for maintaining safety and reducing contamination risks in nuclear facilities. Over the past 50 years, significant progress has been made in developing advanced nonwoven materials for nuclear applications. In Russia, chlorinated polyvinyl chloride (CPVC) electrospun nonwovens have been successfully used at nuclear power plants. These materials have high ashing temperatures exceeding 500°C, with a coking residue of around 22%. Importantly, they do not react with radioactive substances, making them ideal for filtration purposes. However, the industry is now aiming to develop filter nonwovens that operate at lower ashing temperatures, produce no coking residue, and do not release harmful substances during processing. Researchers at the Karpova Institute of Physics and Chemical Sciences in Russia have focused on using polystyrene and polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) to create nonwoven filters for capturing particulates in nuclear environments. Both materials exhibit ashing temperatures below 500°C—specifically, between 340°C and 370°C—with no coking residue. Experiments have shown that these polymers maintain stable fiber-forming properties, which is crucial for consistent performance in filtration systems. When preparing the fiber solutions, different solvents were used for each polymer. Polystyrene was dissolved in cyclohexanone, while PMMA required a solvent mixture containing 80% butyl acetate and 20% N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF). These solvents enhance the processability of the polymers, allowing for better control over fiber formation. The viscosity of the solution and the flow rate through the spinneret are directly related to the resulting fiber diameter. Additionally, researchers studied how factors like the conductivity and electric field strength of the polymer solution affect fiber properties, helping to optimize the production process. A comparative test conducted at a Russian nuclear power plant demonstrated that both polystyrene and PMMA nonwovens significantly improved the efficiency of aerosol collection. This research highlights the ongoing advancements in creating safer and more effective filtration materials for nuclear environments. As the demand for cleaner and more sustainable energy grows, innovations in nonwoven technology will continue to play a vital role in protecting both people and the environment.

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