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In the process of preparing the soil for vegetable farming, there are several critical steps that should not be overlooked. First and foremost, **remnant weeds must be thoroughly cleaned**. Many farmers tend to simply turn over the residual plants and weeds into the soil, which can lead to serious issues. These remnants often carry harmful pathogens and pests, increasing the risk of soil-borne diseases such as Pythium root rot and tomato wilt, as well as whitefly infestations. Additionally, decomposing plant matter can release toxic substances that hinder the growth of subsequent crops. It is recommended to remove all plant residues, including rotten fruits and leaves, from the field and transport them away from the greenhouse to prevent contamination.
Another important consideration is **fully decomposing manure before application**. Fresh manure can release ammonia and other harmful gases that may damage young plants. Moreover, if applied without proper decomposition, it can introduce harmful bacteria into the soil, leading to problems like seedling burn. To avoid these issues, farmers should either use composting agents or allow the manure to ferment in high-temperature conditions before planting, ensuring it is fully broken down and safe for use.
Soil **aeration is also crucial**. Many farmers rely on rotary tillers, which often do not dig deep enough—typically less than 20 cm. This shallow tilling can compact the soil, limiting root growth and reducing water infiltration. Manual tools like plows or shovels, or even small excavators, can achieve deeper tilling (up to 50 cm), improving soil structure. It’s advisable to perform deep tilling every 2–3 years and ensure both the planting beds and ridges are properly turned to promote healthy root development.
**Pest control is another key area**. During the transition season, many farmers neglect to disinfect their equipment, allowing pests and pathogens to spread between greenhouses. Root-knot nematodes, in particular, can be a major problem. Farmers should clean tools thoroughly and, in heavily infested areas, use manual methods to avoid spreading the nematodes. After tilling, installing insect nets at vents and removing surrounding weeds can help prevent pests from entering the greenhouse.
Finally, **sealing the greenhouse properly** is essential. Leaving vents open after tilling may seem beneficial, but it allows pests to enter and lay eggs inside. By covering the vents with nets and keeping the area around the greenhouse free of weeds, farmers can significantly reduce the risk of infestation.
By following these practices, farmers can create a healthier growing environment, reduce disease risks, and improve overall crop yield. (Gansu Science and Technology Newspaper - Fan Xiuli)
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