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At present, blind fertilization is widespread in apple production, which not only makes it difficult to increase the yield and quality of fruit, but also causes waste of fertilizer and affects the further development of the fruit industry. According to the author's investigation in recent years, the existing problems and improvement measures are as follows: for reference:
First, the period is not correct: First, the application of base fertilizer. More than 60% of fruit farmers in production are accustomed to applying spring fertilizer. The second is the application of top dressing. Many fruit growers apply fertilization from flowering to maturity, and do whatever they want. In the spring, the fertilizer is applied in the soil, and the soil temperature in the spring is low, and the transformation is slow, so that the fertilizer effect will be delayed. In the autumn, the new shoots that are stopped and the short shoots that are bud-forming are re-growth. Less formation. In addition, the spring roots hurt the roots and affect the flowering results.
Improvement method: Generally, three key periods of fertilization should be seized. One is the autumn base fertilizer. Early and mid-maturing varieties are carried out after harvesting, and late-maturing varieties are carried out in October. Applying organic fertilizer and 60% top dressing throughout the year, and mainly phosphorus and potassium fertilizers. The second is fertilization before flowering. Regardless of saplings, fruit-bearing trees or senescent trees, the spring shoots are more conducive to the robustness of the trees. It is too late to fertilize the spring shoots. Therefore, it is necessary to apply fertilization after flowering to fertilize before flowering and apply all the calcium. Boron, zinc, iron and other trace elements and 20% of topdressing year-round, and mainly nitrogen and phosphate fertilizers. The third is to apply fruit to expand fat. According to the practice in recent years, the early-maturing varieties are in the middle and late June, and the late-maturing varieties are suitable at the end of July. The effect is too early and too late, and 20% of the topdressing fertilizer is applied throughout the year, and the potassium fertilizer is the main one. .
Second, the method is not correct: First, it is too single. If there is a whole year, the whole garden will be overturned, and the roots below 20 cm will not get fertilizer. In the long run, the roots will float to 0-10 cm, which is not drought-tolerant. It is not resistant to wind, and because the lower root system is less susceptible to alternating wet and dry, the peel is easy to split. Second, fertilization is too shallow. According to the survey, 70% of the gardens have fertilizers applied to the ground and re-watered. In doing so, the easily soluble urea is better, and most of the compound fertilizers that are not easily dissolved remain on the surface or superficial layer. Causes waste of fertilizer to be wasted. The third is that fertilization depends too close to the trunk. Some people think that the more the fertilizer is applied to the trunk, the more the root can be absorbed. In fact, the trunk is full of large roots and thick roots, which only plays a fixed role and the absorption capacity is basically lost. Fourth, the fertilization is too concentrated, and most of the digging and fertilizing plants dig 4 pits. The number of pits is too small to allow most of the roots to absorb nutrients.
Improvement methods: First, the base fertilizer requires the whole garden to be applied for deep turning, radial ditch application, and annular ditch alternately every year. The depth of the deep turn of the application should be more than 20 cm (the main distribution layer of the root). Radial ditches require eight grooves in the tree tray, each 25 cm wide and 20 cm deep. The requirement of the annular groove is to dig an annular groove around the canopy on the ground perpendicular to the outer edge of the canopy. The width and depth are 25 cm and 20 cm, respectively, and are generally carried out with iron shovel. The second is topdressing. The method generally has a ring shape, a radial shape, and a hole application. It is also required to be used alternately, and try to stagger the position with the base fertilizer. For example, if the base fertilizer is applied in a circular ditch, the top dressing should be radial, and the depth and width of the top dressing should be shallower and narrower. Generally, the dagger is used to open the ditch (hole).
Third, the quantity is not correct: First, the amount of organic fertilizer is insufficient. According to the survey, 80% of the organic fertilizer (human and animal waste, animal and plant residues, etc.) is not used, and 50% of the garden is applied once a year. Not the organic fertilizer. The second is the lack of chemical fertilizers. According to the survey, 60% of the saplings and the big trees have this problem. This is also a major cause of the slow expansion of saplings, the late result, and the difficulty in producing high trees.
Improvement method: First, increase the application of organic fertilizer. Before the planting of the unplanted orchard, after deepening the trench of 50 cm deep, more than 1000 kg of weeds or 1 cubic meter of human and animal waste will be applied per acre, and then 1 cubic meter of human and animal excrement will be applied and straw will be applied annually. Weed covered tree trays. In the fruit-bearing orchard, at least 3 cubic meters of pure human and animal excrement is applied per mu, and straw and weed-covered tree trays are simultaneously carried out. The aging film will also increase the amount of organic fertilizer. The second is to apply enough fertilizer. According to the value, according to the survey, the current price of NPK compound fertilizer should not be lower than 120-500 yuan before the fruit-bearing period, and the fruit-bearing period should not be lower than 1,000 yuan. The specific quantity is described below, otherwise It is difficult for young trees to produce high yields early, and the yield of large trees is difficult to reach and maintain more than 5,000 kg.
Fourth, the proportion of the wrong performance: partial application of nitrogen fertilizer, contempt for phosphorus, potassium fertilizer, neglect calcium, boron, zinc fertilizer, random application of compound fertilizer, hundreds of hectares of orchard with the same proportion of compound fertilizer. Some fruit farmers use a barrel of fertilization, and a large tree applies a barrel (about 12.5 kg) of diammonium phosphate. Other fertilizers are not applied. These phenomena seriously violate the minimum law of nutrient, which makes it difficult to control the bitter acne disease. The lobular disease and the shrinking fruit disease often occur, and the yield does not go up. The average yield per mu is 1500-3000 kg.
Improvement methods: First, the application of fertilizers containing various elements, fruit trees need a total of 16 elements, they are equally important, irreplaceable. Nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, boron, zinc, iron, etc., which are commonly required for artificial replenishment, are commonly used as urea or ammonium bicarbonate or ammonium nitrate, superphosphate or diammonium phosphate, potassium sulfate or potassium chloride. , calcium nitrate or quicklime, borax, zinc sulfate, ferrous sulfate, these fertilizers should be applied. Second, according to the proportion, before the fruiting period, pure nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium are applied at a ratio of 1:0.5:0.5-0.8, generally 50-250 kg per mu. Other medium and trace elements may not be in the case of sufficient organic fertilizer. Apply a small amount. For every 100 kg of fruit produced in the fruit-bearing period, the nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium are 1,0.7 and 1.1 kg respectively. The plant is applied with 0.25 kg of calcium nitrate (or 2 kg of quicklime), 0.1 kg of borax, 0.1 kg of zinc sulfate and ferrous sulfate. 0.05 kg, while the weak tree (outside new shoots less than 35 cm) appropriate increase of nitrogen fertilizer, Wangshu less nitrogen fertilizer, the annual tree should also be appropriate to add the total amount of fertilizer.
First, the period is not correct: First, the application of base fertilizer. More than 60% of fruit farmers in production are accustomed to applying spring fertilizer. The second is the application of top dressing. Many fruit growers apply fertilization from flowering to maturity, and do whatever they want. In the spring, the fertilizer is applied in the soil, and the soil temperature in the spring is low, and the transformation is slow, so that the fertilizer effect will be delayed. In the autumn, the new shoots that are stopped and the short shoots that are bud-forming are re-growth. Less formation. In addition, the spring roots hurt the roots and affect the flowering results.
Improvement method: Generally, three key periods of fertilization should be seized. One is the autumn base fertilizer. Early and mid-maturing varieties are carried out after harvesting, and late-maturing varieties are carried out in October. Applying organic fertilizer and 60% top dressing throughout the year, and mainly phosphorus and potassium fertilizers. The second is fertilization before flowering. Regardless of saplings, fruit-bearing trees or senescent trees, the spring shoots are more conducive to the robustness of the trees. It is too late to fertilize the spring shoots. Therefore, it is necessary to apply fertilization after flowering to fertilize before flowering and apply all the calcium. Boron, zinc, iron and other trace elements and 20% of topdressing year-round, and mainly nitrogen and phosphate fertilizers. The third is to apply fruit to expand fat. According to the practice in recent years, the early-maturing varieties are in the middle and late June, and the late-maturing varieties are suitable at the end of July. The effect is too early and too late, and 20% of the topdressing fertilizer is applied throughout the year, and the potassium fertilizer is the main one. .
Second, the method is not correct: First, it is too single. If there is a whole year, the whole garden will be overturned, and the roots below 20 cm will not get fertilizer. In the long run, the roots will float to 0-10 cm, which is not drought-tolerant. It is not resistant to wind, and because the lower root system is less susceptible to alternating wet and dry, the peel is easy to split. Second, fertilization is too shallow. According to the survey, 70% of the gardens have fertilizers applied to the ground and re-watered. In doing so, the easily soluble urea is better, and most of the compound fertilizers that are not easily dissolved remain on the surface or superficial layer. Causes waste of fertilizer to be wasted. The third is that fertilization depends too close to the trunk. Some people think that the more the fertilizer is applied to the trunk, the more the root can be absorbed. In fact, the trunk is full of large roots and thick roots, which only plays a fixed role and the absorption capacity is basically lost. Fourth, the fertilization is too concentrated, and most of the digging and fertilizing plants dig 4 pits. The number of pits is too small to allow most of the roots to absorb nutrients.
Improvement methods: First, the base fertilizer requires the whole garden to be applied for deep turning, radial ditch application, and annular ditch alternately every year. The depth of the deep turn of the application should be more than 20 cm (the main distribution layer of the root). Radial ditches require eight grooves in the tree tray, each 25 cm wide and 20 cm deep. The requirement of the annular groove is to dig an annular groove around the canopy on the ground perpendicular to the outer edge of the canopy. The width and depth are 25 cm and 20 cm, respectively, and are generally carried out with iron shovel. The second is topdressing. The method generally has a ring shape, a radial shape, and a hole application. It is also required to be used alternately, and try to stagger the position with the base fertilizer. For example, if the base fertilizer is applied in a circular ditch, the top dressing should be radial, and the depth and width of the top dressing should be shallower and narrower. Generally, the dagger is used to open the ditch (hole).
Third, the quantity is not correct: First, the amount of organic fertilizer is insufficient. According to the survey, 80% of the organic fertilizer (human and animal waste, animal and plant residues, etc.) is not used, and 50% of the garden is applied once a year. Not the organic fertilizer. The second is the lack of chemical fertilizers. According to the survey, 60% of the saplings and the big trees have this problem. This is also a major cause of the slow expansion of saplings, the late result, and the difficulty in producing high trees.
Improvement method: First, increase the application of organic fertilizer. Before the planting of the unplanted orchard, after deepening the trench of 50 cm deep, more than 1000 kg of weeds or 1 cubic meter of human and animal waste will be applied per acre, and then 1 cubic meter of human and animal excrement will be applied and straw will be applied annually. Weed covered tree trays. In the fruit-bearing orchard, at least 3 cubic meters of pure human and animal excrement is applied per mu, and straw and weed-covered tree trays are simultaneously carried out. The aging film will also increase the amount of organic fertilizer. The second is to apply enough fertilizer. According to the value, according to the survey, the current price of NPK compound fertilizer should not be lower than 120-500 yuan before the fruit-bearing period, and the fruit-bearing period should not be lower than 1,000 yuan. The specific quantity is described below, otherwise It is difficult for young trees to produce high yields early, and the yield of large trees is difficult to reach and maintain more than 5,000 kg.
Fourth, the proportion of the wrong performance: partial application of nitrogen fertilizer, contempt for phosphorus, potassium fertilizer, neglect calcium, boron, zinc fertilizer, random application of compound fertilizer, hundreds of hectares of orchard with the same proportion of compound fertilizer. Some fruit farmers use a barrel of fertilization, and a large tree applies a barrel (about 12.5 kg) of diammonium phosphate. Other fertilizers are not applied. These phenomena seriously violate the minimum law of nutrient, which makes it difficult to control the bitter acne disease. The lobular disease and the shrinking fruit disease often occur, and the yield does not go up. The average yield per mu is 1500-3000 kg.
Improvement methods: First, the application of fertilizers containing various elements, fruit trees need a total of 16 elements, they are equally important, irreplaceable. Nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, boron, zinc, iron, etc., which are commonly required for artificial replenishment, are commonly used as urea or ammonium bicarbonate or ammonium nitrate, superphosphate or diammonium phosphate, potassium sulfate or potassium chloride. , calcium nitrate or quicklime, borax, zinc sulfate, ferrous sulfate, these fertilizers should be applied. Second, according to the proportion, before the fruiting period, pure nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium are applied at a ratio of 1:0.5:0.5-0.8, generally 50-250 kg per mu. Other medium and trace elements may not be in the case of sufficient organic fertilizer. Apply a small amount. For every 100 kg of fruit produced in the fruit-bearing period, the nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium are 1,0.7 and 1.1 kg respectively. The plant is applied with 0.25 kg of calcium nitrate (or 2 kg of quicklime), 0.1 kg of borax, 0.1 kg of zinc sulfate and ferrous sulfate. 0.05 kg, while the weak tree (outside new shoots less than 35 cm) appropriate increase of nitrogen fertilizer, Wangshu less nitrogen fertilizer, the annual tree should also be appropriate to add the total amount of fertilizer.
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