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Chickens are very sensitive to trace element deficiency and excess, and lack of various trace element nutritional diseases; excessive poisoning and even death. According to the survey, a large number of farmers use trace elements in the chicken compound feed or pre-mixed concentrated feed. When they prepare chicken feed, the farmers often increase the amount of trace elements, so that the chickens can lay eggs. The big egg, the chicken grows fast, and is strong and disease-free. The result is that the content of trace elements in the feed often exceeds the maximum tolerance of the chicken [the maximum tolerance of the chicken to trace elements is: copper 300×10-6, Iodine 300×10-6, manganese 300×10-6, selenium 1～2×10-6, iron 1000×10-6, zinc 1000×10-6], so that the chicken is poisoned and even died, even if it is not dead sometimes, It will produce toxic reactions, which will reduce the production performance of chickens. At the same time, it will increase the cost of purchasing trace elements and cause waste.
I. Iron
The laying hen maintains normal hematocrit, and the iron requirement in the diet is 35-45×10-6. The iron requirement for maintaining the maximum fertilization rate and hatching rate of the breeder is 55×10-6, within 4 weeks of age. The chicks need 80×10-6 for iron, so they should be adjusted at the right time.
In the case of excessive iron in chicken diets, insoluble phosphate is formed, which reduces the absorption and utilization of phosphorus, causes rickets, induces fractures, and produces thin, soft-shelled eggs. The insoluble phosphate is in the form of a colloidal suspension that adsorbs vitamins and other mineral elements, thereby impeding their absorption and utilization, and inducing corresponding deficiency. Chronic iron poisoning is characterized by diarrhea, slow growth, low feed conversion rate, and acute iron poisoning can cause chicken death.
Second, copper
For chickens and laying hens, as long as the feed does not contain excessive elements (such as iron, zinc, molybdenum, etc.) that are antagonistic to copper metabolism, it is appropriate to have a copper content of 4 to 5 x 10-6. The amount of copper added to the broiler diet is 35×10-6, and the growth rate will increase within 9 weeks.
100 x 10-6 of copper produces a growth-promoting effect equal to that obtained by effective antibiotics, and at the same time treats chicken enteritis and various types of mycosis. However, feeding a high-copper feed of 350×10-6 or longer for a long time will lead to a significant accumulation of copper in the liver of the chicken, resulting in copper poisoning, which seriously inhibits growth and even death.
Third, zinc
The normal requirements for zinc in chicks and growing chickens are 40 x 10-6 and 30 x 10-6, respectively, and the hen requirements are 40 to 60 x 10-6. The minimum requirement for zinc in chickens is 35 x 10-6. Appropriate levels of zinc in chicken diets promote the growth and development of chickens and improve their appetite and digestive function. If the dose is added, it will cause waste on the one hand, and on the other hand, it will also cause certain toxic effects on the chicken, which will not only affect the absorption of calcium, but also affect the protein metabolism and lead to the lack of copper. When the zinc level reached 3000×10-6, the growth of the chicken was blocked and caused arthritis and visceral bleeding.
Fourth, manganese
50×10-6 manganese in the diet is sufficient to meet the needs of chicken growth. When the chicken reaches the optimal growth state, the highest egg production rate and the maximum reduction of slip rate, the manganese requirement is about 100×10-6. Feeding chicks with a manganese content of 600×10-6 reduced their production performance. When the manganese content was 4800×10-6, it hindered the growth of chickens and caused more than half of the chicks to die.
Five, selenium
Feeding the right amount of selenium salt can increase the laying rate of the hen, the hatching rate of the eggs, the rate of chick breeding, and the mortality of the chicks. The requirement for selenium in chickens is also partly determined by the amount of vitamin E in the feed. When vitamin E is contained, the amount of selenium required is 0.18×10-6, and when vitamin E is stopped, it is 0.28×10-6. Selenium has a small safety range, and chickens are extremely sensitive to selenium deficiency and excess, so there is no need to supplement selenium in chicken feed when there is not enough evidence. When selenium exceeds 0.5×10-6, the chicken will be poisoned, the growth will be stagnant, the feathers will be unkempt, the nervousness will be delayed, the sexual maturity will be delayed, the feed intake will decrease, the egg production rate and hatching rate will be low, and the developing embryos will be deformed. Broken shell; severe convulsions, generalized convulsions, angulation, angulation, head and neck bending downwards and poisoning death.
Six, iodine
The amount of iodine required by the chicken is 0.35×10-6 for the growing chicken and 0.3×10-6 for the laying hen. When chickens consume excessive amounts of iodine, it can affect the utilization of iodine by the thyroid gland and cause goiter. When the iodine reached 312×10-6, the laying rate of the hen was significantly reduced, the hatching rate was reduced and the incubation time was prolonged, and the embryo died early. When the iodine content reaches 5000×10-6, the egg production will stop, and rhinitis, redness of the conjunctiva, increased secretion of trachea, falling feathers, loss of appetite, etc. will occur, and the chicken will die in severe cases.
1. Cobalt oxide: usually cobalt oxalate or cobalt carbonate as raw materials calcined at 500-600 ℃ cobalt oxide, the main reaction is as follows:
CoC2O4 == CoO + CO + CO2; CoCO3 == CoO + CO2
2. Cobalt hydroxide: It can usually be neutralized with sodium hydroxide solution in cobalt chloride solution or cobalt sulfate solution. The main reactions are as follows:
Co2 ++ 2OH - == Co (OH) 2 Co (OH) 2 + O2 + 2H2O == 4Co (OH) 3
3. Cobalt chloride: usually available cobalt powder with dilute hydrochloric acid into cobalt chloride solution, and then crystallized by evaporation of cobalt chloride crystals, the main reaction is as follows: Co + HCl --- COCl2; Co + H2SO4 --- COSO4
4. Cobalt sulfate: usually cobalt oxide as raw material, dissolved in sulfuric acid after evaporation crystallization of pink cobalt sulfate crystals, the main reaction is as follows: CoO + H2SO4 == CoSO4 + H2O
5. Cobalt carbonate: It can usually be obtained by precipitation with sodium carbonate solution in cobalt chloride solution or cobalt sulfate solution. The main reactions are as follows:
CoCl2 + Na2CO3 == CoCO3 + 2NaCl
6. Cobalt oxalate: It can usually be precipitated with ammonium oxalate solution in cobalt chloride solution or cobalt sulfate solution. The main reactions are as follows:
(NH4) 2C2O4 + CoCl2 == CoC2O4 + 2NH4Cl
7. Oxidation of high cobalt: cobalt carbonate or cobalt oxalate can usually be heated in oxygen, further oxidation obtained, the main reaction is as follows:
3CoCO3 + O2 ==== Co2O3 ++ CO2; CoC2O4 + O2 ==== Co2O3 + CO2 + CO
8. Cobalt Hydroxide: 4Co (OH) 2 + O2 + 2H2O === 4Co (OH) 3; 2Co (OH) 2 + NaClO + H2O == 2Co (OH) 3 +
2Co (OH) 3 + 6HCl == 2CoCl2 + Cl2 + 6H2O
Cobalt Compounds
Cobalt Compounds,Spinel Compounds,Multi-Functional Electrolytic Copper,High-Volume Electrolytic Copper
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