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Q 1
Does Phoebe have tradition?
Since ancient times, Phoebe has been widely used.
At present, there are still many Nanmu buildings in Ming and Qing Dynasties in Beijing, such as:
Tombs edge En Temple (Yongle), North Sea Daci really palace (Ming Dynasty), Temple of Heaven (Ming Dynasty), Chengde Mountain Resort Worldly Desires Keswick Hall (Kangxi), it is the famous "Phoebe Temple " .
Daci is like a treasure hall
Danbo Jingcheng Hall
The Forbidden City ’s Yangxinzhai, Taiji Temple, Chuxiu Palace, Yuqing Palace, Cining Palace, Qianqing Palace, etc. still retain a large number of Nanmu doors and windows, partition fans, flying hoods, ceilings, algae wells, railings, plaques, etc.
Judging from the data of the "House of Work Files" of the Qing Dynasty's Ministry of Internal Affairs, the furniture made by the Qing Palace Office in the early Qing Dynasty, a considerable part of it was Nanmu furniture, but it gradually decreased after ten years of Qianlong.
The largest hall in the Forbidden City is the Hall of Supreme Harmony. The hall is set with hollow openwork dragon pattern gold lacquer abutment, Kowloon gold lacquer throne and large seat screen, which is Nanmu tire.
At present, there are still many nanmu in the Forbidden City, the Mountain Villa and other places. For example, the nine-inch backed golden silk nanmu square bark made by Yongzheng five years ago, the 3.25-meter high carved dragon large top cabinet made in Qianlong year, and the blue-and-white blue-and-white porcelain pedestal drum pier in Nanlong are all treasures of nanmu furniture.
2 ask
What is nanmu?
Let's start with the word "nan" .
In the ancients' cognition, Nan Wei was the most respected! Because the southern part of the Five Elements belongs to fire, the fire Lord salutes, the Lord God, is the appearance of the ceremony. The sky is the representative of nothingness, and belongs to the realm of gods, so the communication between the ancients and the sky was made facing south.
The ancients believed that the emperor was the emperor, so for thousands of years the emperor sat facing south. The Temple of Heaven in Beijing is the place where sacrifices are made. On the southernmost side of all sacrifice places, these are the embodiment of the unity of heaven and man.
The composition of the word "nan" is Muhenan. As mentioned earlier, the south is the genus of the extreme respect, and the "nan" wood in the south of the wood is naturally the wood of the extreme respect, which becomes a ceremonial object in the wood and a towering object.
It is not difficult to understand why Jin Sinan, the king of cork, is reused by the royal family:
1. Make noble royal articles;
2. Used as a sacrificial vessel and coffin.
Ming Xie Zhaozhi mentioned in "Five Miscellaneous Items":
Nanmu was born in Chu and Shu, the mountains and valleys do not know their age. They are dried up in a hundred feet, half buried in sand, so they are regarded as coffins. There is texture in Jiabanjie, which is as hard as stone. Try it. Using summer months as a box, Sheng Sheng Meat is enlightened by a few nights, and its color remains unchanged.
Phoebe chinensis is a shade tree, which is often used in tombs and coffins. Before the Qing Dynasty, the use of Phoebe chinensis was very cautious, and its furnishings were also very particular.
But Phoebe does not refer to a certain kind of wood, but Lauraceae in Zhen Nan genus and MachilusNees collectively wood.
There are about 94 species of Phoebe zhennan distributed in Asia, Latin America and tropical and subtropical regions, about 34 species in China; about 100 species of Phoebe spp., About 70 species in China.
The national standard "Main Chinese Timber Names" provides:
The classification of Phoebe glabra wood is called Phoebe bournei, which includes tree species of Phoebe bournei, Phoebe bournei, Phoebe bournei, Phoebe bournei, Phoebe bournei, Phoebe bournei, Phoebe bournei, etc .;
The wood name of Runan, including short-run Runan, Chinarun, Prunus tenuis, Hongmaoshan, Guangdong Runnan, thin-leaved Runnan, peaked Runan, wood shavings, Runnan, Xiguang Runnan, Hongnan, Rongnan and so on.
The two genera have little difference in tree shape and wood properties, and are often incorrectly collectively referred to as Phoebe bournei.
Q 3
What is the difference between Zhennan and Runnan?
The reasons for the confusion between the two genera are:
â‘ The two genus tree species are similar in tree shape, bark and wood structure and use;
â‘¡The name is handed down from generation to generation, without detailed scientific research, and without the Latin name of the backing. If it is only based on the characteristics of the naked eye, it is difficult to distinguish correctly;
â‘¢Some merchants use sub-charging as the best and promote the use of Yunnan as the first-class material.
In fact, if you look closely, the tree species and wood of Phoebe zhennan and Prunus spp. Can be separated.
On the macroscopic view of dendritics, the bark of Phoebe bournei is thin and has dark punctate pores; there is a black ring-shaped layer at the junction of the endothelium and the xylem. On the outer edge of Runan, there are many stone cells with obvious white cilia.
Phoebe zhennan had a higher air-dry density and appeared slightly heavier, while Runnan wood was lighter. Zhennan has strong luster, while Runnan has weak luster.
The microstructures of the two are also different. The oil cells or mucus cells in the wood rays of Zhennan are common, and the amount of axial parenchyma is small, mainly in the shape of a ring. The oil cells or mucus cells of Runnan are few.
The high-grade Phoebe nanmu furniture familiar to everyone mainly refers to Phoebe zhennan in the genus Phoebe zhennan.
Q 4
What is the difference between Zhennan and Zhennan?
Phoebe
Phoebe zhennan is an evergreen tree or shrub with about 94 species, distributed in tropical and subtropical Asia. There are about 34 species in China, distributed south of the Yangtze River Basin, especially in the southwest.
Ancient and modern Phoebe distribution map
The major domestic players are:
Zhennan produced in Chengdu Plain and Guizhou (as well-known furniture, ship and construction materials);
Purple Phoebe produced in East China and Central South China;
Phalaenopsis hainanensis (called Mao Dan in Hainan) produced in Hainan Island;
Produced in Yunnan and Yunnan, Yunnan and so on.
The materials of this genus are similar, and are all classified into the commercial material Zhennan. They are well-known industrial materials in China, and the materials are generally superior to those of the genus Runan.
Zhennan
As a kind of Phoebe nannan, Zhennan is a kind of precious wood unique to our country. Its color is light and even, and its luster is strong. Even if it is not lacquered, it will become brighter and brighter.
Zhennan aliases: Nanmu (general purpose) , Phoebe bournei, Phoebe zhennan (Chengdu) .
It is mainly produced in Sichuan, Guizhou and Hubei in China, especially the one produced in the Chengdu Plain. It is rated as the crown of all hardwood trees in Sichuan.
Phoebe zhennan has high requirements for growth conditions, and it is only distributed in the western part of the Sichuan Basin and parts of Guizhou and Hubei. It is more common in scattered mixed forests below 1 km in altitude. Vigorous period.
Since the distribution area is small and the growth rate is slow, there are not many natural resources. Moreover, due to the extensive use of the past dynasties, especially the large-scale logging in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, Zhennan was seriously lacking.
Only a few ancient temples or deep forests still survive today.
In order to save the Phoebe bournei from extinction, as long as the natural forest protection project was implemented, the Rare and Endangered Plants List published by the Environmental Protection Committee of the State Council in 1984 and the "List of Key Protected Plants" in August 1998, the Phoebe zhen Nan, Min Nan, Zhejiang Nan and Dian Nan are clearly listed.
Governments at all levels attach great importance to the protection of Phoebe bournei. In addition to strictly protecting a handful of ancient trees, they are also actively cultivating plantation forests.
However, it takes a long process to grow into timber, and because the growth environment is different, the material is obviously not as good as the Phoebe zhennan grown in natural forests.
Phoebe zhennan leaves
Therefore, some of the old trees and old materials of Zhennan appear particularly rare and precious.
Now we see that the word "Zhennan" often appears together with "Jinnan". For the sake of distinction, it is often called: Zanthoxylum bungeanum.
Asked 5
What is Jinnan?
Known as the "King of Cork", the golden silk Phoebe is natural and beautiful. Its light color, warm wood, quiet and remote fragrance are full of Yongjin atmosphere, warm and luxurious, and extraordinary qualities.
This outstanding personality charm is in harmony with the noble spiritual taste of "introverted peace and quietness" pursued by Chinese traditional culture.
Therefore, since ancient times, Chinese people have a special liking for Phoebe chinensis, especially the emperors and literati of the past dynasties, and once the palace was "forbidden".
What does it look like?
The literal meaning of "Jin Si Nan" is not difficult to understand, that is, there are gold threads in Phoebe nanmu. In the ancient literature, Gu Yingtai, a beginner in the late Ming and Qing Dynasties, stated in "An Overview of Natural History":
There are three types of Phoebe nannan: one is Xiangnan, the other is Phoebe chinensis, and the third is Shuinan. Southerners are more fragrant, the wood is purplish and fragrant, and the grain is beautiful; those with gold thread come out of Chuandong, and the wood grain has gold thread, which is bright to the sight, and glitters lovely; Landscape patterns.
There are gold wires in the cedar wood grain, which is the best kind of cedar wood. It is more rare that some cedar wood materials form natural landscape figures. The crystals in the cedar wood grain are obviously more than ordinary cedar wood.
Viewed at an appropriate angle, you can see strong light reflection, bright and bright, and the elegant fragrance is slightly thicker than ordinary Phoebe. After long-term storage, the surface of Phoebe sylvestris will become dark, and the color will be black, gray, green, and the gold wire is not easy to see. Arrived.
Because wood has no flowers, leaves, or roots, it is often difficult to distinguish different tree species of the same genus. So what kind of phyllanthus belongs to the category of "Nanmu"?
The "National Standards of the People's Republic of China · Names of China's Main Timbers (1997)" issued by the AQSIQ specifically states:
China has classified 907 tree species into 380 types of wood. The principle of classification is based on the genus of arboriculture (botany).
In the national standard, "Phoebe nanmu" includes Phoebe bournei, Phoebe bournei, Phoebe bournei, Phoebe bournei, Phoebe bournei, Phoebe bournei, Phoebe bournei, and Phoebe bournei. In other words, there are 8 kinds of Phoebe nanmu all issuing the same identification certificate, which is still the ideal condition for identification.
In the identification of wood, only "Nanmu" can be found, and the specific "species" behind it cannot be separated at all. Nor does it identify what is "Sinnifer".
The famous forestry expert Chen Rong stated in his book "Chinese Tree Taxonomy" :
Jinnan is an alias of Zinan. But in the market, as long as it is a kind of shining Nanmu, it is called Jin Sinan, the concept of the latter is inaccurate.
And in Zhou Mu's "Mu Jian" there is this introduction:
Phoebe bournei mainly comes from Phoebe zhennan, Phoebe bournei, Phoebe zinanensis, Phoebe chinensis, Phoebe yunnanensis, and Phoebe yunnanensis, Prunus sylvestris, Prunus serrata.
Asked 6
What are the characteristics of Jinnan family?
There are two major characteristics: "golden wire" and "straight"
Phoebe wood furniture is commonly found along the Yangtze River and south of the Yangtze River, but is basically absent north of the Yangtze River.
Phoebe nanmu grows in the Yangtze River area and it is not the same as it is further south. The Phoebe chinensis along the Yangtze River is more delicate in texture and finer in texture, because the climate in this area has a large change in cold and warm climate, and the winter is not very long.
The warmer the temperature and the harder the wood grows, it is this short winter that has formed the hair-like lines on the nanmu.
The grain is the performance of the annual rings, and the annual rings are formed due to the slow growth of both winter and summer. The slower the trees grow, the denser the texture.
In particular, the higher-grade Nanmu from Sichuan has annual rings like silky waterlines. When the wood is just broken, the nutrient solution that was transported will be left in the fiber cells. These liquids will quickly form a crystalline state, which will sparkle in the sun, which is the gold wire we have seen.
But the furniture has been used for a long time. After all, a film will form on the surface, and the dust or the paste will not be visible. Even if you ca n’t see the gold wire, it is also called Jin Sinan, as long as you have this The waterline is there.
Another characteristic of Phoebe nanmu is that it has a lot of straight wood. We rarely see Phoebe sylvestris. Even the small-sized Phoebe nanmu is straight.
Those with a large breast diameter can even approach two meters in diameter, so it can become the beam of the country's most important and grand buildings since the Ming and Qing Dynasties.
Everyone sees the three main halls of the Forbidden City, the Changling Tomb, the Temple of Heaven, and the original city gates. They were originally built of Phoebe nanensis. When they were repaired after liberation, many Phoebe nanmu columns and other structures were replaced. It is said that they were sold to furniture factories or carving factories to make Nanmu Buddha statues or furniture for export.
There was a Shenmu factory in Beijing at the earliest. Why is it called "Shenmu"? It was because the root Phoebe was too big to use in the Ming Dynasty, and it was called a god in the Qianlong period of the Qing Dynasty.
Asked 7
Is King Sinan exclusive to the royal family?
Many Jinnan sellers' sales words are like this:
"All the furniture on the central axis of the Forbidden City is made of Jin Si Nan, which shows that Jin Si Nan is the emperor's favorite. "
Jin Sinan has traveled from ancient times to modern times. In these hundreds of years, they are full of topics and controversial objects. The biggest reason is that it is exclusive to the royal family- "Emperor Wood" .
A researcher of the Palace Department of the Palace Museum said in an interview with the media:
The reason why the price of Jin Si Nan furniture is high is mainly because it is exclusively used by feudal emperors. For example, the throne, screen bed and bed of the emperor in the Forbidden City are made by Jin Si Nan.
Most of the merchants who quoted Jin Sinan furniture at a very high price all invariably invoked the view of this expert from the Forbidden City.
In the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the main purpose of Jin Sinan was to make a coffin in a mausoleum. According to historical records:
Starting from the Qin Dynasty, and even the tomb form of the King tomb of Guangling King and Han Dynasty in Yangzhou, Jiangsu, all of them were "Jin Sinan";
The coffin of the Empress Dowager Cixi in the Qing dynasty was also made of Jin Sinan. When Sun Dianying robbed the tomb of Cixi in 1928, he found that the body of Cixi, who had been buried for decades, was still intact and his face was alive;
It is rumored that the Emperor Qianlong also used the repair of the Ming Tomb as a pretext for Jin Sinan, "stealing beams and replacing columns" with Jin Si Nan in the tomb, and using the dismantled good wood as the material for building Shouling.
Because of its large and straight, less curved holes, less deformation, anti-corrosion and other characteristics, Phoebe was deeply loved by the emperor and became the main material for palace architecture.
However, Teacher Hu Desheng opposed the "Royal Special Wood" and made a clear statement:
King Sinan is the king of cork, but it is not a royal special wood! Many of the Ming dynasty buildings that are now preserved in the Forbidden City are indeed Jin Si Nan. Several existing halls are made of Jin Si Nan as a beam, but there has never been a situation where civilians used Jin Si Nan to kill their heads.
In the entire volume of "Daming Law", there is no record about the prohibition of private use of Phoebe chinensis:
When Heshen was slaughtered by the Jiaqing Emperor, the thirteenth charge was because the house imitated the style, layout and decoration of the palace, but it had nothing to do with the wood.
But this statement is not accurate. In addition to being room beams in the Forbidden City, Jin Sinan is also often used for carved decoration and partition screens of buildings, but the main wood of the furniture is red sandalwood and Huanghuali.
But there is an advantage of Jin Si Nan-soft wood is easy to eat lacquer, suitable for lacquered wood furniture.
* For the term "royal exclusive"
Because the suitable place for nanmu is in the south, it is a common tree in the south, and the people can also cut down it for their own use. However, Phoebe is not produced in Beijing, and the wood has to be harvested from Sichuan before being transported to Beijing City. This financial, human, and material burden can only be achieved by royalty.
Therefore, in terms of phenomena, only the royal family uses Phoebe nanmu, but there is no explicit rule that only the royal family can use it, let alone what tribute Jinnan can be promoted to make a fortune. These are all deductions from the merchants.
8 Q.
Is the sky gold price reasonable?
Before 2010, the price of sisiana was relatively stable; after 2012, the price of sisiana increased by at least about 3 to 5 times, with the oldest materials being the most precious, and there was a difficult situation.
Suddenly, Jin Sinan came across, as if the people of the whole country knew about Jin Sinan overnight, and Jin Sinan's craze was suddenly set off. In the absence of uniform appraisal standards and unreasonably high prices, the market has become like a fire, causing the entire market to enter a carnival.
As the market has become more and more popular, many people have gradually developed a kind of psychology, Jin Sinan has the tendency to replace red sandalwood and Huanghuali to become the king of famous wood, and even more throws out "1 gram of Jin Sinan worth equal to 10 grams of gold " .