Application of ceramic material properties

Ceramics, in the traditional sense, refer to two broad categories: pottery and porcelain. Over time, the term has expanded to encompass all silicate and oxide-based materials. As one of the oldest materials known to humanity, ceramics represent the first major material created by humans in their effort to master nature. It stands as a key symbol of material civilization in human society. Since ancient times, particularly during the Stone Age, the people of China pioneered the creation of ceramics, which became an essential part of daily life and significantly contributed to the development of global civilization. However, the systematic study of ceramics as an engineering material is relatively recent. In this context, ceramics can be considered a young and emerging class of engineering materials. Since the 20th century, research into the structure, properties, and manufacturing processes of ceramics has advanced significantly, leading to rapid progress in ceramic technology. This has resulted in the development of a wide range of new ceramic materials with diverse properties, now widely used in modern industry and scientific applications. Fine ceramics are distinct from traditional ceramics in terms of both performance and application, far exceeding the scope of conventional ceramics. These materials are high-purity, ultra-fine substances produced through specialized processes, resulting in fine microstructures and inorganic non-metallic materials with specific functional properties. Fine ceramics can be broadly categorized into two types based on their characteristics and uses: structural ceramics (also known as engineering ceramics), such as high-temperature and high-strength ceramics, superhard mold ceramics, and chemical ceramics; and functional ceramics, such as packaging materials for integrated circuits and sensitive ceramics. The main features of fine ceramics include: 1. Strong ionic and covalent bonds within their structures. 2. A complex and inhomogeneous microstructure. The preparation of ceramic materials typically involves crushing raw materials, shaping, and sintering. As a result, the microstructure consists of crystalline phases, glassy phases, and gaseous phases, with varying proportions and uneven distribution. Once sintered, the microstructure of ceramics cannot be altered by thermal or mechanical processes. The performance of fine ceramics is characterized by a high melting point, low density, excellent chemical stability, corrosion resistance, oxidation resistance, high strength, stiffness, hardness, and wear resistance. They also exhibit good thermal strength. However, they have very low toughness and plasticity, limited deformation ability, and are prone to brittle failure. Additionally, their processing and forming capabilities are generally poor.

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