Application of ceramic material properties

Ceramics, in the traditional sense, refer to two main categories: pottery and porcelain. Over time, the term has expanded to encompass a wide range of silicate and oxide-based materials. As one of the oldest man-made materials, ceramics represent the first significant product created by humans in their interaction with nature, symbolizing the progress of material civilization. Since ancient times, during the Stone Age, Chinese ancestors developed ceramic technology, making it an essential part of daily life and contributing greatly to global cultural development. However, as an engineering material, ceramics have only recently begun systematic research, which makes them, in a way, a relatively new and emerging class of materials. Since the 20th century, extensive studies on the structure, properties, and manufacturing processes of ceramics have led to remarkable advancements. This has resulted in the creation of various new types of ceramic materials, each with unique characteristics, now widely applied in modern industries and technological fields. Fine ceramics differ from traditional ceramics in both performance and application. They are high-purity, ultra-fine materials produced through specialized techniques, resulting in fine microstructures and inorganic non-metallic materials with specific functional properties. These materials can be broadly categorized into structural ceramics and functional ceramics. Structural ceramics, also known as engineering ceramics, include high-temperature resistant, high-strength, and superhard materials, such as those used in molds or chemical environments. They exhibit excellent mechanical, thermal, and chemical properties. Functional ceramics, like those used in integrated circuit packaging or sensor technologies, serve specific roles in advanced applications. The key features of fine ceramics include strong ionic and covalent bonds between atoms, as well as a complex and inhomogeneous microstructure. During production, raw materials are crushed, shaped, and sintered, forming a mixture of crystalline, glassy, and gaseous phases. The proportions and distribution of these phases vary, and once sintered, the microstructure remains largely unchanged. This leads to distinct properties such as high melting points, low density, good chemical stability, corrosion resistance, oxidation resistance, high strength, hardness, and wear resistance. However, they also have limited ductility and toughness, making them prone to brittle failure. Additionally, fine ceramics are difficult to process and form due to their inherent rigidity and complexity.

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