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Stone carving and stone craftsmanship have a long history in China, with a wide variety of forms and applications. These artistic expressions can be broadly categorized based on their function and production techniques. Common types include round sculptures, reliefs, sunken carvings, wall carvings, openwork carvings, line carvings, shadow carvings, micro-carvings, inscriptions, and more, each with its own unique style and cultural significance.
In the fourth section of this chapter, we will delve deeper into the various methods used in the creation of stone carvings and stone crafts, exploring how these techniques have evolved over time and their role in Chinese artistry.
Stone carvings and stone crafts are widely used across different aspects of life, especially as decorative artworks. Some of the most common applications in China include:
1. Ornamental and Collectible Stone Crafts
These items have been popular for thousands of years, often made from jade, colored stones, or marble. They include jewelry, ornamental stones like Taihu Stone and Yuhua Stone, and carved vases. Many ancient artifacts, such as jade ornaments from the Yin ruins and carvings from the Qin Emperor's Mausoleum, showcase the richness of this tradition. Today, these pieces remain highly valued as both art and collectibles.
2. Cave and Cliff Stone Carvings
Originating during the late Han Dynasty, cave and cliff carvings flourished through the Tang and Song dynasties. These carvings, often related to Buddhist culture, feature statues, architectural elements, and intricate designs. Famous examples include the Dunhuang Grottoes, Yungang Grottoes, and Longmen Grottoes, which reflect the artistic and religious heritage of China.
3. Tombstone Carvings
Tombstone carvings are an essential part of Chinese stone art, often featuring statues of officials, animals, and other symbolic figures. Notable examples include the stone carvings at the Mausoleum of Huo Qubing, the Tang Dynasty Tombs, and the Ming and Qing imperial tombs. These works serve as both historical records and artistic masterpieces.
4. Palace, House, and Garden Stone Carvings
Palaces, temples, and gardens are adorned with elaborate stone carvings, including columns, gates, and decorative elements. The Forbidden City, Potala Palace, and Summer Palace all contain stunning examples of this art form, showcasing the grandeur and refinement of traditional Chinese architecture.
5. Temple and Altar Stone Carvings
Temples and shrines often feature intricate stone carvings that depict religious scenes, deities, and mythical creatures. Examples include the stone carvings at the Confucius Temple, the Tiantan (Imperial Altar), and the Lama Temple. These works highlight the deep connection between religion and art in Chinese culture.
6. Stone Bridge Carvings
Many historic stone bridges in China are decorated with detailed carvings, such as dragons, lions, and water beasts. The Lugou Bridge and the Dashi Bridge are renowned for their exquisite craftsmanship and historical significance. These carvings not only enhance the beauty of the structures but also reflect the cultural values of the time.
7. Stone Tablets and Inscriptions
Stone tablets and inscriptions have played a vital role in recording history, literature, and religious texts. Notable examples include the Xi'an Beilin (Forest of Steles) and the "Thirteen Stone Classics" of the Qing Dynasty. These inscriptions provide valuable insights into China's literary and philosophical traditions.
8. Tower and Monument Stone Carvings
Stone towers and monuments often feature carvings that depict religious or historical events. The Three Pagodas of Dali and the Yunju Temple Tower are examples of how stone art is integrated into religious architecture, creating visually striking and culturally rich environments.
9. Stone Lions
Stone lions are a common feature in Chinese architecture, symbolizing power and protection. They are found in palaces, temples, and public spaces, with distinct regional styles. Famous examples include the lions in front of Tiananmen Square and those on the Lugou Bridge, which showcase the diversity and skill of Chinese stone carving.
10. Stone Paintings and Artistic Tools
Stone paintings and functional art objects, such as inlaid murals, screens, and daily-use items, demonstrate the versatility of stone as a medium. Contemporary examples, like the large-scale inlaid stone screens in Shanghai and Yueqing County, highlight the ongoing evolution of this ancient art form.
11. Modern Urban and Memorial Stone Carvings
In modern times, stone carvings are used to create memorials, public sculptures, and urban decorations. These works often commemorate historical events or notable figures, such as the "People's Heroes Monument" in Beijing. They blend traditional craftsmanship with contemporary design, reflecting the dynamic nature of Chinese art.
The diversity of stone carvings in China reflects the country’s rich cultural heritage. Each type of carving, whether monumental or miniature, contributes to the broader narrative of Chinese art and history. These works continue to inspire and captivate people around the world.
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