Spring planting fertilizer, the method should be appropriate

Base fertilizer is applied in combination with soil preparation before planting or transplanting crops. Its main purpose is to create optimal soil nutrient conditions that support the growth and development of spring crops throughout their entire growing period. To achieve this, base fertilizer should have several key characteristics: a diverse and comprehensive source of nutrients, long-lasting effects, a large application rate, and proper application methods that match the cultivation practices. Based on the actual conditions of spring sowing last year, it's important to emphasize the third point—fertilization method. Even if the type and amount of fertilizer are appropriate, an incorrect application method can lead to poor results, such as weak seedlings or failure to meet yield targets. Over-application may even cause fertilizer damage, leading to reduced production or even plant death. To illustrate this, here are two examples. In the first case, farmers in Tongliao broadcasted spring corn and used 40 kg per mu of high-nitrogen compound fertilizer (30-5-5) with a shallow ditch application method, which resulted in weak seedlings and the need for replanting. In the second example, a farmer in Heze, Shandong, applied one bag of 15-15-15 compound fertilizer plus another bag of diammonium phosphate as base fertilizer for garlic. The excessive amount and concentration caused high salt levels in the rhizosphere, inhibiting seedling growth and reducing yields. These cases highlight the importance of safe and effective base fertilizer application. The three key features of base fertilizer are discussed below: 1. Diverse and comprehensive fertilizer sources with a long-lasting effect. For spring crops, it's best to combine organic and chemical fertilizers. When applied during deep tillage, both types of fertilizer can be incorporated into the soil, providing nutrients to the crop while improving soil fertility. This approach supports sustainable yield increases. However, in many cases, especially for rice and cotton, only chemical fertilizers are used as base fertilizers. Compound fertilizers are increasingly used as base fertilizers, with medium to high concentrations and specialized formulas being more common. General-purpose or medium-nitrogen, high-phosphorus, and high-potassium compound fertilizers are suitable, whereas high-nitrogen, low-phosphorus, and low-potassium formulas are not recommended. 2. A large application amount. The quantity of base fertilizer depends on the crop's needs and soil test results. While "large" refers to being greater than side-dressing or top-dressing, it should not be excessive. Phosphorus and potassium make up 80–90% of the total recommended amounts, meaning they are primarily used as base fertilizers. Nitrogen, however, is usually split, with about half used as base fertilizer and the rest reserved for top-dressing. 3. Application method must match the crop's root zone. Base fertilizer should be applied at the right depth and location within the root zone to maximize efficiency. This involves combining fertilizer application with mechanical tillage to mix it into the soil. Organic, compound, and other fertilizers are often mixed and applied together using plowing or rotary tillage. In northern China, rotary tillage is commonly used for spring crops, as it combines plowing, raking, and leveling. However, the working depth is typically limited to 10–12 cm, so care must be taken with the amount of fertilizer, especially nitrogen. The placement of base fertilizer should consider both horizontal and vertical distribution. Horizontally, it can be either spread evenly across the field or applied in strips near the crop rows. Vertically, the depth varies depending on the crop—vegetables require 10–15 cm, corn needs 15–20 cm, and cotton requires deeper application. Phosphate fertilizer is often applied in two layers due to its limited mobility. The deep layer is part of the base fertilizer, while the shallow layer is around 10 cm. Concentrating phosphate too deeply can lead to phosphorus deficiency in young plants. Proper placement of fertilizer depends on the type of fertilizer and the root structure of the crop. It's crucial to avoid over-concentration of urea or high-nitrogen fertilizers, as this can burn plants and reduce yields, waste nutrients, and harm the environment.

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