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Figure 1. A) Power density output curves for biofuel cells based on different bioanodes. (a) XDH/MWNTs/GCE bioanode, 10 mM NAD+; (b) XDH/MWNTs/GCE bioanode, 30 mM xylose + 10 mM NAD+; (c) XDH/PBCB/MWNTs/GCE bioanode, 10 mM NAD+; (d) XDH/PBCB/MWNTs/GCE bioanode, 30 mM xylose + 10 mM NAD+; (e) bacteria-XDH/PBCB/MWNTs/GCE bioanode, 30 mM xylose + 10 mM NAD+. B) Graph showing the relationship between maximum output power density and xylose concentration in a bio-anode fuel cell using bacteria-XDH/PBCB/MWNTs/GCE. The supporting electrolyte was an oxygen-saturated 0.1 M PBS solution (pH 7.4).
Recently, under the support of projects funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China and the Chinese Academy of Sciences’ Knowledge Innovation Program, Dr. Liu Aixie, head of the biosensor team at the Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Research, and a member of the Chinese Academy of Sciences' 100-Talents Plan, has made significant progress in microbial fuel cell research using a xylose hydrogenase surface display system.
Biofuel cells are devices that convert chemical energy from organic fuels into electricity using microbes or enzymes as catalysts. Compared to traditional fuel cells, they offer several advantages: 1) they can use a wide range of renewable organic materials as fuel; 2) they operate under mild conditions, such as room temperature, atmospheric pressure, and neutral pH; and 3) they have good biocompatibility, making them suitable for powering implanted biosensors or artificial organs.
The research team developed a microbial enzyme system using bacterial surface display technology, which eliminates the time-consuming and costly purification steps typically required in enzyme production (Analytical Chemistry 2012, 84, 275–282). In addition, they constructed a bacterial-XDH-based bioanode using surface-displayed enzymes and optimized the conditions for a bio-cathode composed of bilirubin oxidase-modified electrodes, forming a membraneless biofuel cell. This system achieved an open circuit voltage of up to 0.58 V and a maximum power density of 63 μW/cm² (Fig. 1, curve e). Compared to an enzyme-purified XDH-modified anode (Fig. 1, curve d), the performance improved by 60%. This study successfully applied bacterial surface display technology in biofuel cells, addressing common challenges like poor electron transfer efficiency and low enzyme stability, while also reducing costs. (Biosensors & Bioelectronics 2013, 44, 160–163)
It is generally believed that 17% to 31% of lignocellulose is converted into xylose after hydrolysis. However, increasing the conversion rate of xylose during microbial fermentation remains a major challenge in producing fuel ethanol from lignocellulosic biomass. Current methods are slow, produce many byproducts, and result in low yields, limiting the efficient utilization of xylose. This breakthrough could provide a new pathway for the effective use of lignocellulose hydrolysates, particularly enabling the direct conversion of these sugars into electrical energy.
Furthermore, based on the design of a microbial surface display system, the team developed various electrochemical detection methods for xylose and glucose. These techniques allow for highly sensitive, low-interference, and rapid detection or simultaneous detection of xylose and glucose in complex systems, including lignocellulose-degrading fluids. The findings were published in several reputable journals, including Analytical Chemistry (2012, 84, 275–282), Biosensors & Bioelectronics (2012, 33, 100–105; 2013, 42, 156–162; 2013, 45, 19–24).
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