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Galvanized pipes were once widely used for gas, heating, and water supply systems. However, over time, these pipes tend to corrode due to the chemical reaction between the zinc coating and the water. As a result, rust builds up inside the pipe, leading to discolored water that can stain fixtures and contain harmful bacteria. The accumulation of rust also increases the levels of heavy metals in the water, posing serious health risks to users.
In the 1960s and 1970s, many developed countries began phasing out galvanized pipes in favor of more durable and safer alternatives such as copper or plastic piping. In China, the Ministry of Construction and other key government departments issued regulations banning the use of galvanized pipes in new residential buildings starting from the early 2000s. While galvanized pipes are no longer commonly used for cold water systems, they may still be temporarily allowed for hot water applications under certain conditions.
It’s important to note that replacing old galvanized pipes is essential to ensure clean and safe water supply. If you're living in an older home with such pipes, it's recommended to have them inspected and replaced if necessary to avoid potential health hazards and plumbing issues.
Universal Tensile Testing Machine
A Universal Tensile Testing Machine, also known as a universal testing machine (UTM) or a materials testing machine, is a versatile instrument used to determine the mechanical properties of materials. It is commonly used in industries such as manufacturing, construction, and research laboratories.
The machine applies tension, compression, bending, and shear forces to test the strength, elasticity, and durability of various materials such as metals, plastics, textiles, rubber, ceramics, and composites. It can measure parameters such as tensile strength, yield strength, elongation, modulus of elasticity, and fracture toughness.
A typical UTM consists of a load frame, grips or fixtures to hold the specimen, a load cell or force transducer to measure the applied force, and a displacement transducer to measure the deformation or displacement of the specimen. The machine is controlled by a computer or a control unit that allows the user to set the testing parameters and record the test data.
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