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Currently, China is striving to build a society that is both resource-efficient and environmentally friendly, with the concept of "green lighting" becoming increasingly popular. As technology advances, especially in the field of semiconductor materials, low-power LED light sources have found widespread use in landscape lighting, while high-power LED street lights are also gaining significant attention.
The Principle of LED Lighting:
LED stands for Light Emitting Diode, a solid-state semiconductor device made from Group III-IV compound materials. It directly converts electrical energy into light. At its core, an LED consists of a semiconductor wafer, which has two main parts: P-type and N-type semiconductors. When an electric current passes through the wafer, electrons and holes move toward the junction. In the quantum well region, these charge carriers recombine, releasing energy in the form of photons—this is how LEDs produce light. The color of the emitted light depends on the material used in the PN junction.
The Principle of High-Pressure Sodium Lamps:
High-pressure sodium lamps operate by creating an electric arc between the two electrodes inside the arc tube. The intense heat from the arc causes the sodium amalgam to vaporize into mercury and sodium vapors. Electrons emitted from the cathode collide with atoms, exciting them to higher energy states. As these atoms return to their ground state, they emit light in the form of optical radiation. This process results in the illumination provided by the lamp.
High-power LED street lights represent a modern approach to road illumination, using DC low voltage to power groups of LEDs. They offer high brightness and excellent color rendering. Additionally, because they operate on low-voltage DC, they can be effectively combined with solar energy systems, making solar-powered LED street lights a promising option for future road lighting solutions.
1. Energy Efficiency Analysis and Comparison
To fairly compare the energy efficiency of different lighting technologies, we must consider the same level of illumination and similar lighting quality standards. High-power sodium lamps (ranging from 250W to 400W) typically have a luminous efficiency of 130–140 lumens per watt, whereas low-power lamps (100–150W) generally range from 40–100 lumens per watt. Modern high-power LED street lights often use 1W LED chips, producing comparable light output. Therefore, it’s important to analyze high-power and low-power lamps separately.
(1) High-power (≥250W) street lights: High-pressure sodium lamps have a high luminous efficiency. Considering factors like ballast loss, lamp efficiency, and utilization rate, the overall efficiency is approximately 0.55. This means the effective light output of a sodium lamp is around 70–75 lumens per watt. In contrast, the effective light output of current LED street lights in the U.S. is about 62 lumens per watt, while top domestic manufacturers have achieved 56–58 lumens per watt. Therefore, for high-power street lights, LEDs are currently less efficient than sodium lamps.
(2) Low-power (≤150W) street lights: The effective light output of sodium lamps (including all efficiency losses) is about 45–55 lumens per watt, while LEDs still achieve 56–58 lumens per watt. This means LEDs can save up to 10%–30% in energy compared to sodium lamps. However, claims that LED street lights save 50% or more energy are often exaggerated. A scientific and factual approach is essential to avoid misleading users and the public.
2. Effect of Light Source Color on Road Lighting
High-pressure sodium lamps have a color temperature of approximately 2100K, giving off a warm yellow light. Their color rendering index (Ra) is only 23–25, meaning they don’t accurately reproduce colors. In contrast, LED street lights typically have a color temperature above 5300K, offering a cooler white light. These LEDs have a Ra of 70–80, providing much better color accuracy. On highways and main roads, this cool white light helps drivers see clearly at distances of 90–160 meters ahead, even in foggy or dusty conditions. For pedestrian areas, shopping streets, and residential zones, LEDs’ superior color rendering makes it easier to distinguish people and objects, offering a clear advantage over sodium lamps.
3. Economic Analysis and Comparison
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